74 A recent review published in Virchows Archiv highlights significant advancements in molecular testing for ovarian, fallopian tube, and endometrial tumours. These developments are poised to revolutionise the diagnosis and treatment of these cancers, which remain a major health concern for women worldwide. Molecular testing has become an indispensable tool in the management of gynaecologic cancers, particularly those originating from the uterus and adnexae. The integration of molecular characterisation into routine diagnostics represents a significant shift from traditional pathology. The growing realization that knowing the molecular make-up of these tumors can directly affect treatment choices and enhance patient outcomes has driven this change. The most notable impact of molecular testing is observed in tubo-ovarian carcinomas, where it guides therapeutic strategies and predicts responses to treatment. One of the key molecular tests involves identifying homologous recombination deficiency (HRD). Tumours with HRD, which include high-grade serous and endometrioid carcinomas, exhibit defective DNA repair mechanisms. These tumours are particularly susceptible to treatment with PARP inhibitors, a class of drugs that induce synthetic lethality, leading to tumour cell death. Approximately 50% of tubo-ovarian carcinomas exhibit HRD due to various genetic mutations, most notably in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Despite the absence of a universally accepted HRD test, the review notes that the Myriad MyChoice HRD assay and the Foundation Medicine NGS assay are among the most commonly used platforms, both approved by the US FDA. These tests are critical not only for initial diagnosis but also for monitoring disease recurrence, as some tumours may develop resistance to therapy by restoring DNA repair capabilities. In endometrial cancers, the review underscores the relevance of the TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) classification system. This system stratifies tumours into four distinct molecular subtypes, each with unique prognostic implications. For instance, tumours with POLE mutations, characterised by high mutation rates, are associated with a favourable prognosis. Conversely, tumours with TP53 mutations, often seen in serous carcinomas, are linked to poorer outcomes. The review also addresses the role of molecular testing in rare and less common gynaecologic tumours. For example, sex cord-stromal tumours, which are typically benign or of low malignant potential, benefit from molecular analysis for accurate diagnosis and potential genetic counselling. Similarly, germ cell tumours, while not routinely subjected to molecular testing, have shown certain mutations, such as those in the KIT gene, that could be relevant for targeted therapies in specific cases. The integration of molecular testing into gynaecologic pathology not only enhances diagnostic precision but also opens new avenues for personalised treatment. As the understanding of these molecular pathways deepens, it is anticipated that more targeted therapies will emerge, offering hope for improved survival rates in women afflicted by these cancers. The review calls for continued research and the standardisation of molecular tests to ensure that all patients can benefit from these advancements.