58 Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide, surpassing fatalities from breast, cervical, and ovarian cancers combined. Despite advancements in oncology, the disease continues to pose unique challenges for women due to underrepresentation in clinical trials and a lack of gender-specific approaches to prevention, treatment, and survivorship. The findings were published in the journal Clinical Lung Cancer. The global prevalence of lung cancer highlights stark gender disparities. Women who smoke are at higher risk of developing the disease than their male counterparts, partly due to biological factors such as the expression of specific enzymes linked to lung cancer. Additionally, non-smokers, particularly women in Asia, are increasingly being diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma. This trend has been linked to environmental pollutants, second-hand smoke, and indoor air pollution from cooking practices, which disproportionately affect women due to societal roles. While smoking is a well-known risk factor, the influence of non-tobacco exposures cannot be ignored. Studies reveal that women exposed to second-hand smoke or environmental toxins like radon and asbestos face heightened risks. Moreover, hormonal and genetic factors play significant roles, with some mutations being more prevalent among women. These disparities suggest that lung cancer in women may be a distinct disease requiring tailored approaches. Screening guidelines for lung cancer often fail to account for these gender-specific factors. Current criteria predominantly focus on smoking history, excluding many women who develop lung cancer due to non-tobacco-related causes. As a result, many at-risk women remain undiagnosed until the disease has progressed to advanced stages. Furthermore, women are less likely than men to engage in discussions with healthcare providers about screening options, exacerbating delays in detection. Treatment outcomes for women also differ significantly from those of men. Although women generally respond better to chemotherapy and have higher survival rates in some cases, they experience greater toxicity and adverse effects. Additionally, immunotherapy, a promising frontier in cancer treatment, appears less effective in women than in men, raising questions about the need for sex-specific protocols. Survivorship presents another set of challenges. Women with lung cancer often report higher rates of depression, anxiety, and stigma compared to men. Societal biases frequently blame women for their diagnosis, particularly if they have a history of smoking. These psychological burdens are compounded by the caregiving roles many women occupy, which can hinder their ability to prioritise their health during and after treatment. Efforts to address these disparities have been limited but show promise. Increasing female participation in clinical trials, implementing sex-specific screening guidelines, and integrating psychosocial support into treatment plans could significantly improve outcomes. Additionally, raising awareness about the unique risks and challenges women face is crucial for fostering a more inclusive approach to lung cancer research and care. The rising incidence of lung cancer among women underscores the urgent need for a holistic strategy that recognises the interplay of biological, environmental, and societal factors. Addressing these complexities is essential for reducing the burden of this devastating disease on women globally.